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MSX is the name of a standard for home computers in the 1980s (see also
'The Home Computer Era' in the History of computing).
MSX was conceived by Kazuhiko Nishi of Microsoft Japan, now ASCII
Corporation, who was attempting to create a single standard by which any
company could build a compatible computer. Inspired by the success of VHS as
a standard for video cassette recorders, many Japanese electronic
manufacturers along with Philips and Spectravideo built and promoted MSX
computers. Any piece of hardware or software with the MSX logo on it was
compatible with MSX products of other manufacturers.
Nishi's standard consisted primarily of several off-the-shelf parts, the
main CPU was the Zilog Z80 running at 4MHz, graphics were provided by the
Texas Instruments TMS9918, in use in their own failed TI-99, and sound by
the General Instruments AY-3-8910. None of these were particularily advanced
examples of contemporary design, although when Nishi proposed the standard
in 1982 they added up to a reasonably competitive machine.
History
In the 1980s Japan was in the midst of a powerful economic awakening that
many in the "western world" thought unstoppable -- a new yellow peril as it
were. The large Japanese electronics firms should have been able to crush
the early computer market had they made a concerted effort to do so in the
late 1970s. Their combined design and manufacturing power would have allowed
them to produce better and cheaper machines than anyone else. But they
initially ignored the home computer market and seemed to be very hesitant to
do any work where there wasn't some sort of standard in place.
Thus when MSX was announced and a slew of big Japanese firms announced
their plans to introduce machines, it set off a wave of panic in the US
industry. However by the time machines built to the standard started to
arrive in late 1984, they were no longer competitive, IBM had introduced the
16-bit IBM PC, and Apple had recently changed everything with their
Macintosh.
Consequently, MSX never became the worldwide standard that its makers
envisioned, mainly because it never took off in the United States. In Japan
and Korea, MSX was the major home computer system in the 1980s. It was also
popular in several European countries (especially in The Netherlands), South
Korea and Brazil and even in Arab countries and the Soviet Union.
The exact meaning of the 'MSX' abbreviation remains a matter of debate.
At the time, most people seemed to agree it meant 'MicroSoft eXtended',
referring to the built-in MSX-BASIC programming language, specifically
written by Microsoft for the MSX system. The MSX-DOS disk operating system
had file compatibility with CP/M and MS-DOS. In this way, Microsoft could
promote MSX for home use while promoting MS-DOS based personal computers in
office environments.
MSX spawned four generations: MSX 1 (1983), MSX 2 (1986), MSX 2+ (1988)
and MSX turbo R (1990). The first three were 8-bit computers based on the
Z80 microprocessor, while the MSX turbo R was based on an enhanced Zilog
Z800 known as the R800. The turbo R was introduced in 1992 but was
unsuccessful due to a lack of support from any other company.
Recently, Kazuhiko Nishi initiated an 'MSX Revival' around an official
MSX emulator called 'MSX PLAYer'. Whether this project will be a success
remains to be seen, but many good freeware emulators are already available
on the Internet, of which openMSX [1] is one of the more active free
projects.
Manufacturers of MSX computers
- MSX 1: Spectravideo (USA), Philips (the Netherlands), Sony, Sanyo,
Mitsubishi, Toshiba, Hitachi, National, Canon, Casio, Pioneer, General,
Yamaha, Yashica-Kyocera (Japan), GoldStar, Yeno (South Korea), Gradiente
(Brazil)
- MSX 2: Philips, Sony, Sanyo, Mitsubishi, JVC, National, Panasonic, Canon
- MSX 2+: Sony, Sanyo, Panasonic
- MSX turbo R: Panasonic
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