|
The values described in the preceding section are derived from a number
of religious and philosophical traditions, both indigenous and foreign.
Taken together, these traditions may be considered the Japanese worldview,
although the personal beliefs of an individual Japanese may incorporate
some aspects and disregard others. The Japanese worldview is eclectic,
contrasting with a Western view in which religion is exclusive and defines
one's identity. Contemporary Japanese society is highly secular. Cause and
effect relations are frequently based in scientific models, and illness
and death are explained by modern medical theories. Yet the scientific
view is but one of the options from which an individual may draw in
interpreting life's experiences.
The Japanese worldview is characterized also by a pragmatic approach to
problem solving, in which the technique may be less important than the
results. Thus a Japanese who is ill may simultaneously or sequentially
seek the assistance of a medical doctor, obtain medication from a person
trained in the Chinese herbal tradition, and visit a local shrine. Each of
these actions is based on a different belief in causation of the illness:
the physician may say that the illness is caused by a bacterial infection;
the herbalist regards the body as being out of balance; and the basis of
the shrine visit is the belief that the mind must be cleansed to heal the
body. In the West, these explanations might be viewed as mutually
exclusive, but the Japanese patient may hold all of these views
simultaneously without a sense of discord. Similarly, a student studying
for university entrance examinations knows that without extraordinary hard
work, admission is impossible. Yet the student will probably also visit a
special shrine to ask for the help of the spiritual world in ensuring
success.
The roots of the Japanese worldview can be traced to several
traditions. Shinto, the only indigenous religion of Japan, provided the
base. Confucianism, from China, provided concepts of hierarchy, loyalty,
and the emperor as the son of heaven. Daoism, also from China, helped give
order and sanction to the system of government implied in Shinto. Buddhism
brought with it not only its contemplative religious aspects but also a
developed culture of art and temples, which had a considerable role in
public life. Christianity brought an infusion of Western ideas,
particularly those involving social justice and reform.
|
